Consequences of Prairie Wetland Drainage for Crustacean Biodiversity and Metapopulations
نویسندگان
چکیده
Much of Illinois was once wet prairie, dotted with ancient (ca. 10,000-year-old) ephemeral wetlands. Most wetland habitat (85%) was converted to agriculture over a span of about 100 years (ca. 1850– 1950). The consequences of this severe habitat fragmentation on wetland communities and metapopulations are unknown. We studied crustacean communities (weekly stovepipe samples throughout hydroperiods) for 3 years in a set of extant ephemeral wetlands in Illinois. We generated species-sites curves by rarefaction and extrapolated those curves to conservatively estimate that 83–85 crustacean species may have inhabited approximately 4 million ephemeral wetlands that once existed in Illinois; 8–9 crustacean species were driven to extinction in Illinois during drainage; and 75–76 crustacean species are extant in the few remaining ephemeral wetlands of Illinois. We also conducted cellular automata simulations to examine the potential effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of extant crustacean metapopulation. Simulations indicated that conversion of the former wet prairie to agriculture may have reduced crustacean metapopulations to isolated populations that are more vulnerable to future habitat loss. Despite severe habitat fragmentation, curvilinear species-sites relationships suggest that the greatest extinction rates have yet to occur for ephemeral wetland crustaceans. However, selection for limited dispersal during habitat fragmentation may contribute to extinction debt for extant species. Conservation programs can preserve much of the historical biodiversity of ephemeral wetlands, but future wetland biodiversity will depend heavily on the success of those efforts. The consequences of historical wetland loss and the importance of wetland conservation efforts to agriculture in the United States should be instructive for other regions. Consecuencias del Drenado de Praderas de Humedales para la Biodiversidad y Metapoblaciones de Crustáceos Resumen: Una gran parte de Illinois fue una vez una pradera húmeda, dotada de antiguos humedales efímeros (ca. 10,000 años de edad). La mayoría del hábitat de humedal ( 85%) fue convertido en tierras de agricultura en un tiempo aproximado de 100 años (ca.1850–1950). Las consecuencias de esta severa fragmentación del hábitat sobre las comunidades y metapoblaciones se desconocen. Estudiamos las comunidades de crustáceos (muestras semanales tomadas con tubos a lo largo de los hidroperíodos) por 3 años en un juego de humedales efímeros existentes en Illinois. Generamos curvas de especies-sitios por enrarecimiento y extrapolamos estas curvas para estimar, de manera conservadora, que 83–85 especies de crustáceos podrían haber habitado aproximadamente los 4 millones de humedales efímeros que alguna vez existieron en Illinois; 8–9 especies de crustáceos terminaron en la extinción en Illinois durante el drenado; y 75–76 especies de crustáceos existen en unos cuantos humedales efímeros remanentes de Illinois. También llevamos a cabo simulaciones celulares autómatas para examinar los efectos potenciales de la fragmentación del hábitat en la estructura genética de una metapoblación existente de crustáceos. Las simulaciones indican que la conversión de la antigua pradera húmeda en agricultura pudo haber reducido las metapoblaciones de crustáceos en poblaciones aisladas que son más vulnerables a la pérdida futura de hábitat. A pesar de la severa fragmentación del hábitat, las relaciones curvilíneas especies-sitios sugieren que las tasas más grandes de extinción de crustáceos de humedales efímeros podrían ocurrir todavía. Sin embargo, la selección por disperPaper submitted September 17, 2001; revised manuscript accepted March 13, 2001.
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